Why Yoga Teachers Are Learning to Dissect Cadavers - The New York Times

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Jane Sato thought she understood the abdominal muscles. For the first decade that she taught Pilates and yoga in New York City, she would tell her students to pull their belly button into their spine to strengthen their core.

But when she saw what actual abdominal muscles looked like during a human cadaver dissection workshop at Mount Sinai Hospital โ€” the crisscrossed layers of tissue, the way the muscles also ran back to front and up and down โ€” she realized her words werenโ€™t nearly as instructive as they could be.

โ€œThereโ€™s just a lot more to the picture,โ€ she said. โ€œWhen you see it in real life, your cues automatically change.โ€

Now, instead of telling clients to suck in their belly button, she tells them to draw in all their core muscles, โ€œlike a hug.โ€


Ms. Sato is one of thousands of fitness professionals who have sought out cadaver workshops to better understand anatomy and improve their teaching skills. Over the past two decades, at least a dozen dissection courses โ€” most outside the traditional medical system โ€” have popped up, catering to people like yoga teachers, massage therapists and Peloton trainers.

While most of these professions require some anatomy training to become certified, it can vary widely and usually relies on two-dimensional pictures, plastic models and even anatomy coloring books, which can create a misleading picture of how the body works.

โ€œThey are looking for more information,โ€ said Rachele Pojednic, the director of exercise science at Norwich University and a research associate at Harvardโ€™s Institute of Lifestyle Medicine. But often, she added, โ€œthey donโ€™t know who to go to.โ€ Why not โ€œarm these professionals with as much knowledge as possible?โ€

Two students and a lab assistant examining a knee joint during a dissection course. For many fitness professionals, such classes are a way to better understand the human body.Jesse Barber for The New York Times
Fauna Moore said that studying the bones and muscles of cadavers informs the way she thinks about how to manipulate whatโ€™s under the skin of her clients, as shown here in her studio.Jesse Barber for The New York Times

A visceral experience​


Experts say you canโ€™t fully understand the value of a dissection until you participate in one. So on a sunny Saturday in October, fueled partly by morbid curiosity, I went to a lab called Experience Anatomy, in an office park near the Charlotte, N.C., airport. I was both excited and nervous, and keenly aware that I might not be able to unsee what I observed.


The two-day dissection was led by Fauna Moore, an Ashtanga yoga instructor and massage therapist who began attending, studying and then teaching dissections after being disappointed with the anatomy instruction she received during training. (One does not need a special certification to oversee a cadaver dissection, though she has spent years shadowing experienced dissectors.)

After a short orientation, the courseโ€™s five students gathered around the cadaver, scalpels in hand. While some courses for fitness professionals teach with bodies (or body parts) that have already been dissected, in this workshop the students would be dissecting a full cadaver themselves. In all cases, the donors or next of kin have specifically donated the body to scientific learning โ€” though they donโ€™t always know whether it will be used to teach medical students, physical therapists or yoga instructors.

As the group stood in silence under the glare of fluorescent lights, Ms. Moore removed a white sheet covering the body. Dissecting a human being can be an emotional and jarring experience, she said, so she suggested that the students give the cadaver, a 75-year-old female, a name, in recognition of her humanity.

The group decided on โ€œBetty.โ€

New technologies, such as three-dimensional virtual software, have made the human body easier to study โ€” and, some argue, rendered cadavers unnecessary. But medical students still say that seeing, touching and holding real human tissue is far more instructive than pictures or models. And it leads to better, more compassionate care, said Jeffrey Laitman, who has helmed Mount Sinaiโ€™s anatomy lab for more than 40 years.

โ€œItโ€™s an enormously humbling experience,โ€ he said. โ€œWhen you hold a heart in your hand, you are never the same again.โ€


In the dissection room, Ms. Moore demonstrated how to properly hold a scalpel (โ€œlike a penโ€). Then she made the first cut, on the upper thigh, showing how to delicately pull back one layer at a time โ€” first the skin, then the sticky white fascia, then the bright yellow fat and so on. The body had been โ€œsoft embalmed,โ€ a technique that relies on very little formaldehyde, preserves colors and textures and, I quickly learned, makes things very messy.

โ€œI donโ€™t know where to start,โ€ one student, a massage therapist, said.

โ€œYou canโ€™t mess it up,โ€ Ms. Moore replied. โ€œEven if you go a little bit too deep, you can start over somewhere else.โ€

A new perspective on the body​


For people who lay hands on clients โ€” like massage therapists and Pilates, yoga or strength trainers โ€” touching actual tissue offers unparalleled learning, said Dr. Carrie McCulloch, a physician and Pilates instructor who co-founded the Mount Sinai dissection course in 2006 with her husband, a Pilates instructor and former dancer named Matt McCulloch, as well as Dr. Laitman.

โ€œThey are working with real human bodies,โ€ Dr. McCulloch said, โ€œand they should learn from real human bodies, too.โ€

A more experienced dissector working on a cadaver while a student looks on. Classes like this are not cheap, but many fitness professionals say they see it as a mark of commitment to their profession.Jesse Barber for The New York Times
Ms. Moore with a client in her studio. After taking her first dissection workshop, she spent years shadowing other experts before leading her own classes. โ€œIt just blew the doors off my world,โ€ she said.Jesse Barber for The New York Times

Courses range from about $1200 for a weekend workshop to $4500 or more for a six-day program. Anna Kaiser, who owns two popular cardio dance studios in New York and attended the Mount Sinai course in 2012, said the class made her feel better equipped to help certain postpartum clients.


Ms. Kaiser was able to study a donor body that had undergone a C-section and was struck by just how many layers of abdominal muscle were severed. This deepened her appreciation for the seriousness of the recovery, as well as for the work needed to rebuild core strength, layer by layer.

Now, โ€œI can visualize what that looks like,โ€ she said. โ€œItโ€™s very different than seeing a picture in a book.โ€

Back at the dissection table, the students had begun to reach muscle. โ€œItโ€™s so much more delicate than I imagined,โ€ one commented, pulling apart the four long strands that made up the quadriceps.

In contrast, they noted the toughness of the fascia, or connective tissue, that surrounds every muscle. โ€œItโ€™s very flexible but very durable,โ€ one student said. โ€œYou have to put a little pressure on your scalpel.โ€


One student handed me the iliotibial (or IT) band, which ran from Bettyโ€™s hip to her knee and felt strong but surprisingly light and thin, almost like duct tape. For all the years I aggressively foam rolled mine, I pictured it as thicker and knottier. I made a mental note to go easier.

The case for cadavers​


Over the past twenty years, as research around the health benefits of exercise has expanded, more and more primary care doctors are recommending exercise to their patients, according to the National Center for Health Statistics. As a result, many fitness professionals now find themselves working with clients who have complex conditions, from knee replacements to high blood pressure.

โ€œHealth, fitness, treatment, doctors are part of a continuum,โ€ Dr. Laitman said. โ€œFitness professionals โ€” they see people ofttimes before theyโ€™ll go to a doctor.โ€

Sometimes, after taking a dissection course, โ€œinstructors realize that some of the choices they were making for their clients were not well enough informed,โ€ said Mr. McCulloch, who has co-written books about anatomy. For example, some students, after seeing the bones of cadavers with osteoporosis, realized that the bends and twists in their workouts may be too aggressive for a clientโ€™s fragile body.

Natasha Standley, a massage therapist and former step aerobics instructor in Ms. Mooreโ€™s course, told me later that she learned what is โ€” and isnโ€™t โ€” in her hands when she works with clients.


โ€œSome of the muscles are really, really deep,โ€ she said. The dissection made it clear that the psoas and quadratus lumborum (QL) muscles, which can cause back, pelvis and hip pain, arenโ€™t accessible, despite what diagrams might suggest. Instead of trying to reach them through massage, she said, she plans to incorporate more stretching into her work.

After the students finished lunch (most opted for vegetarian), they returned to their posts at the dissection table. Ms. Moore and a lab assistant had flipped Betty over and put on music to reinvigorate the group. As R.E.M.โ€™s โ€œLosing My Religionโ€ began playing through an overhead speaker, everyone picked up their scalpels.

The day went smoothly, but afterward I felt shaken. When I arrived at the airport that night, I didnโ€™t see travelers โ€” I saw walking cadavers.

But as time has passed, I have come to appreciate the intricacy and interconnectedness of every muscle, tendon and bone. Spending time with a body that will never move again gave me a new appreciation for my own bodyโ€™s ability to move. When I got home, I couldnโ€™t wait to go for a run.


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    Full season wellness center: Young girl Big-breasted big big butts Aris , Young girl big breasted beautiful buttocks charming temperament big boobs Rose,Young girl big breasted beautiful buttocks charming temperament big boobs Julia ,Young beautiful face sexy body and good deep massage maggie,Enchanting sexy petite deep massage Mary. ๐Ÿ  2560 Shepard ave Mississauga unit 1 โ˜Ž๏ธ 4379857899 ๐Ÿฆต๐Ÿฆต๐Ÿ‘…๐Ÿ‘…๐Ÿ‘„๐Ÿ‘„๐Ÿˆต๏ธ๐Ÿˆต๏ธ
  42. Golden Sunshine Spa:
    โœจClick on our Username and FOLLOW US for updates and special services ! โœ… Click Here Today๐ŸŒธAkame๐ŸŒธChristina๐ŸŒธCamila๐ŸŒธLynda๐ŸŒธAntonela Call us โ˜Ž 905 - 265 - 2158โ˜Ž๏ธ Your ultimate service awaits! โœจ
  43. bnwellness_wilson:
    We have 4 masseuse are working today. Vicky,Mia,Ella and Lina are providing deep tissue massage, pls call 4163985777 book appointment and walk in always welcome, back entrance and parking available. 350 Wilson Ave North York
  44. AliceSpa:
    WEDNESDAY at ๐—”๐—Ÿ๐—œ๐—–๐—˜ ๐—ฆ๐—ฃ๐—” 416-298-0898, 4915 Steeles Ave. E, Scarborough 3 very nice girls here today. Open 10am to 9pm: AMY (12pm โ€“ 9pm) is a young, petite short & slim Taiwanese, former dance instructor, firm natural B Cups, pretty face, firm natural titis, super play good, bbbj, cim, rim, dfk, all services. APPLE: from Hong Kong, very small body, 5' 100Lbs, petite with natural C Cups
  45. HollywoodSpa:
    Wednesday at ๐ŸŽญ๐—›๐—ข๐—Ÿ๐—Ÿ๐—ฌ๐—ช๐—ข๐—ข๐—— ๐—ฆ๐—ฃ๐—”๐ŸŽญ, 4578 Yonge St, Unit 100, North York, ON: NICOLE & SISI. โ˜Ž๐Ÿฐ๐Ÿญ๐Ÿฒ-๐Ÿฎ๐Ÿฎ๐Ÿฎ-๐Ÿฑ๐Ÿฑ๐Ÿฑ๐Ÿฐโ˜Ž NICOLE is petite, slim and very pretty, with C Cups , long hair & a slim waist. She has nice massage and great services. SISI is a sweet slim beauty, 5โ€™2โ€, with a beauty ass, excellent massage, and amazing services. Come and see why she is so popular. When you visit ๐ŸŽญHollywood
  46. ForeverWarden:
    Wednesday at ๐Ÿซฆโค๏ธ๐Ÿ”ด๐ŸŸฅโ™พ๏ธ๐“•๐“ž๐“ก๐“”๐“ฅ๐“”๐“ก ๐“ข๐“Ÿ๐“โ™พ๏ธ๐ŸŸฅ๐Ÿ”ดโค๏ธ๐Ÿซฆ2190 Warden Ave, Unit 201, Scarborough ๐Ÿฐ๐Ÿญ๐Ÿฒ-๐Ÿด๐Ÿฌ๐Ÿฌ-๐Ÿณ๐Ÿด๐Ÿด๐Ÿณ: Bella, Cindy & Sasa. Bella is around 5โ€™3โ€ with a thin to medium build, C Cups, and a pleasing personality. She can offer dfk, bbbj and cfs as well as a good massage experience. Cindy is a slim beauty, 5โ€™4โ€, natural C Cups. Her massage is nice, her services will drive you wild & her finish is a dream
  47. HolidaySpa:
    Wednesday at ๐ŸŒด๐Ÿ˜Ž๐ŸŒ…๐“—๐“ธ๐“ต๐“ฒ๐“ญ๐“ช๐”‚ ๐“ข๐“น๐“ช๐ŸŒ…๐Ÿ˜Ž๐ŸŒด3517 Kennedy Rd, Unit 4, Scarborough โ˜Ž๏ธ๐Ÿฐ๐Ÿฏ๐Ÿณ-๐Ÿฎ๐Ÿฐ๐Ÿณ-๐Ÿญ๐Ÿญ๐Ÿต๐Ÿตโ˜Ž๏ธ: EMILY, KIKI & CINDY. EMILY is a VERY tiny petite SPINNER superstar of the highest quality. Emily has a pretty face, natural A Cups, slim waist, and a lovely spinner bottom, topped off with the very best of services. Kiki is very attractive, young, about 5โ€™4โ€ and 110 Lbs., slim with a banging body.
  48. SugarLoveSpa:
    Wednesday at โค๏ธ๐Ÿ’™ ๐Ÿ’œโŽ๐—ฆ๐—จ๐—š๐—”๐—ฅ ๐—Ÿ๐—ข๐—ฉ๐—˜ ๐—ฆ๐—ฃ๐—”โŽ ๐Ÿ’–๐Ÿ’—๐Ÿ’˜: ELLA, LISA, SUSAN & TIFFANY. 1270 Finch Ave W (at Keele St), Unit 18. North York, ON โ˜Ž ๐Ÿฐ๐Ÿฏ๐Ÿณ-๐Ÿฏ๐Ÿฒ๐Ÿฑ-๐Ÿฎ๐Ÿฒ๐Ÿด๐Ÿด โ˜Ž ELLA is a lovely Thai sweetheart, 5โ€™1โ€ with C Cups, smooth skin and a very pleasing attitude. LISA is a cute & petite Thai/Chinese mixed beauty with decent massage skills and liberal services.
  49. luckywellness:
    Lucky Wellness Center 4379721888 295 Eglinton Ave E,Unit 7,Mississauga Niko and Kiki work
  50. Lulu1980:
    Phoenix Blossom Spa ๐ŸŒน๐ŸŒน๐ŸŒน2 girls ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ๐Ÿ”ฅ5124 Dundas St W Etobicokeโ˜Ž๏ธ416-817-3366๐Ÿ‘ New Japanese girl Nina โค๏ธ Natural Big Boobs 38 DD ๐Ÿ˜˜Pink Mini Nipples Hot body slide, super enjoyable๐Ÿ˜˜๐Ÿ˜˜๐Ÿ˜˜๐Ÿ˜˜ very provocative service๐Ÿ˜˜๐Ÿ˜˜๐Ÿ˜˜, professional super Luna deep tissue massage, has therapeutic effect to loosen bones and relieve muscle pressure and will bring you unexpected service effects, she will bring you a little surprise๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜โค๏ธYou are welcome to make an appointment at any time or walk in the back
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